Berkomunikasi Dalam Keragaman Dunia

Komunikasi Antar Budaya

Intercultural communication is the process of sending and receiving messages between

people whose cultural background (latar belakang budaya) could lead them to

 interpret verbal and nonverbal signs differently.

Keunggulan Komunikasi Antar Budaya

The competitive advantages of a diverse workforce that offers a broader spectrum of

viewpoints and ideas (sudut pandang dan ide yang luas), helps companies

understand and identify with diverse markets (pasar yang beragam), and enables

companies to benefit from a wider range of employee talents.  Tantangan Komunikasi

Antar Budaya

Culture influences everything about communication, including  

•Language

•Nonverbal signals (Geleng Kepala: India)

•Word meaning (Indonesia: Gratis, Malaysia: Percuma, Inggris: Free)

•Time and space issues (Jepang vs Indonesia)

•Rules of human relationships (Amerika vs Asia)

Budaya

•Culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms for behavior.

  

Etnosentrisme dan Streotyping

•Ethnocentrismis the tendency to judge all other groups according to the standards, behaviors, and customs of one’s own group.

•Distorted views of other cultures or groups also result from stereotyping, assigning a wide range of generalized attributes to an individual on the basis of membership in a particular culture or social group.

  

 Mencegah Dampak Negatif dari Perbedaan Budaya

•Avoid assumptions.

  Don’t assume that others will act the same way you do, use language and symbols the same way you do, or even operate from the same values and beliefs.

•Avoid judgments.

  When people act differently, don’t conclude that they are in error or that their way is invalid or inferior.

•Acknowledge distinctions.

  Don’t ignore the differences between another person’s culture and your own.

8 Kategori Perbedaan

Eight categories of differences:

•Contextual differences (the degree to which a culture relies on verbal or nonverbal actions to convey meaning),

•Legal and ethical differences (the degree to which laws and ethics are regarded and obeyed),

•Social differences (how members value work and success, recognize status, define manners, and think about time),

•Nonverbal differences (differing attitudes toward greetings, personal space, touching, facial expression, eye contact, posture, and formality),

•Age differences (how members think about youth, seniority, and longevity),

•Gender differences (how men and women communicate),

•Religious differences (how beliefs affect workplace relationships), and

•Ability differences (inclusive strategies that enable people with disabilities to more fully communicate with the rest of the workforce).

Perbedaan Kontekstual

•Cultural context is the pattern of physical cues, environmental stimuli, and implicit understanding that conveys meaning between members of the same culture.

•High-context cultures rely heavily on nonverbal actions and environmental setting to convey meaning; Low-context cultures rely more on explicit verbal communication.

 

•High-context cultures: Chinese speaker expects the receiver to discover the essence of a message and uses indirectness and metaphor to provide a web of meaning.

•Low-context culture: such as the United States or Germany, people rely more on verbal communication and less on circumstances and cues to convey meaning.

Prinsip Komunikasi Etis

•Actively seek mutual ground. To allow the clearest possible exchange of information, both parties must be flexible and avoid insisting that an interaction take place strictly in terms of one culture or another.

•Send and receive messages without judgment. To allow information to flow freely, both parties must recognize that values vary from culture to culture, and they must trust each other.

•Send messages that are honest. To ensure that the information is true, both parties must see things as they are—not as they would like them to be. Both parties must be fully aware of their personal and cultural biases.

•Show respect for cultural differences. To protect the basic human rights of both parties, each must understand and acknowledge the other’s needs and preserve each other’s dignity by communicating without deception.

  

Perbedaan Sosial

•Attitudes toward work and success (Materi adalah indikator kesuksesan di sejumlah negara)

•Roles and status (Peran perempuan dalam bisnis, sebutan jabatan)

•Use of manners (Etika sapaan, buah tangan, dll.)

•Concepts of time (Konsep waktu dalam efisiensi dan hubungan bisnis)

Perbedaan Komunikasi Non Verbal

•Greetings. Do people shake hands, bow, or kiss lightly (on one side of the face or both)?

•Personal space. When people are conversing, do they stand closer together or farther away than you are accustomed to?

•Touching. Do people touch each other on the arm to emphasize a point or slap each other on the back to show congratulation? Or do they refrain from touching altogether?

•Facial expressions. Do people shake their heads to indicate “no” and nod them to indicate “yes”? This is what people are accustomed to in the United States, but it is not universal.

•Eye contact. Do people make frequent eye contact or avoid it? Frequent eye contact is often taken as a sign of honesty and openness in the United States, but in other cultures it can be a sign of aggressiveness or lack of respect.

•Posture. Do people slouch and relax in the office and in public, or do they sit up straight?

•Formality. In general, does the culture seem more or less formal than yours?

  

•Perbedaan Usia (Muda : Kebebasan, Tua : Berpengalaman) à Budaya Asia menghargai orang tua

•Perbedaan Gender (Perempuan dan Kesempatan Kerja)

•Perbedaan Agama (Mempengaruhi Budaya Perusahaan)

•Perbedaan Kemampuan Fisik (Pekerja Difabel dan Teknologi)

Komunikasi Antar Budaya Secara Tertulis

•Use simple, clear language

•Be brief

•Use transitional elements

•Address international correspondence properly

•Cite numbers and dates carefully

•Avoid slang, idiomatic phrases, and business jargon

•Avoid humor and other references to popular culture