Komunikasi dalam Tim

A team is a unit of two or more people who share a mission and the responsibility for

working to achieve a common goal.

Advantages of Teams

•Increased information and knowledge (Meningkatkan Informasi dan

Pengetahuan). By pooling the resources of several individuals, teams have access to

 more information in the decision-making process.

“Two is better than one”

•Increased diversity of views (Memperkaya perspektif dari pandangan yang

 berbeda). Team members can bring a variety of perspectives to the decision-making

 process. Keep in mind, however, that unless these diverse view points are guided by a

shared goal, the multiple perspectives can actually hamper a team’s efforts. 

•Increased acceptance of a solution (Meningkatkan penerimaan untuk sebuah

solusi). Those who participate in making a decision are more likely to support the

decision enthusiastically and encourage others to accept it.  

•Higher performance levels (Meningkatkan performa kerja). Working in teams

can unleash new amounts of creativity and energy in workers who share a sense of

purpose and mutual accountability. Effective teams can be better than top-performing

individuals at solving complex problems. Furthermore, teams fill the individual

worker’s need to belong to a group, reduce employee boredom, increase feelings of dignity

and self-worth, and reduce stress and tension between workers.

Disadvantages of Teams

•Groupthink (Pemikiran Tim). Like all social structures, business teams can generate

tremendous pressures to conform with accepted norms of behavior. Groupthink occurs

when these peer pressures cause individual team members to withhold contrary or

 unpopular opinions. The result can be decisions that are worse than ones the team

members might have made individually. 

•Hidden agendas (Agenda tersembunyi). Some team members may have a hidden

agenda—private, counter productive motives, such as a desire to take control of the

group or to undermine someone else on the team.   

•Free riders (Penumpang Gelap). Some team members may be free riders—those

who don’t contribute their fair share to the group’s activities. Perhaps these members

aren’t being held individually accountable for their work. Or perhaps they don’t believe

they’ll receive adequate recognition for their individual efforts. 

•Cost (Biaya). Still another drawback to teamwork is the high cost of coordinating group

activities. Aligning schedules, arranging meetings, and coordinating individual parts of a

project can eat up a lot of time and money.

Allowing for Team Evolution

1. Orientation (Orientasi). Team members socialize, establish their roles, and begin to

 define their task or purpose. Many companies use a variety of team-building exercises

and activities to help teams break down barriers and develop a sense of shared

purpose. 

2. Conflict (Konflik). Team members begin to discuss their positions and become more

assertive in establishing their roles. Disagreements and uncertainties are natural in this

phase. 

3. Brainstorming (Kumpul Gagasan). Team members air all the options and discuss

the pros and cons fully. At the end of this phase, members begin to settle on a single

solution to the problem. Note that while group brainstorming remains a highly popular

activity in today’s companies, it may not always be the most productive way to

generate new ideas. Some research indicates that having people brainstorm individually

then bring their ideas to a group meeting is more successful. 

4.   Emergence (Muncul kesepakatan). Consensus is reached when the team finds a

solution that is acceptable enough for all members to support (even if they have

reservations). 

5.   Reinforcement (Penguatan). The team clarifies and summarizes the agreed

upon solution. Members receive their assignments for carrying out the group’s decision, and they make arrangements for following up on those assignments.


Mengelola Konflik


•Proaction (Proaksi). Deal with minor conflict before it becomes major conflict.

•Communication (Komunikasi). Get those directly involved in the conflict to participate in resolving it. 

•Openness (Keterbukaan). Get feelings out in the open before dealing with the main issues. 

•Research (Riset). Seek factual reasons for the problem before seeking solutions. 

•Flexibility (Fleksibilitas). Don’t let anyone lock into a position before considering other solutions. 

•Fair play (Keadilan). Don’t let anyone avoid a fair solution by hiding behind the rules. 

•Alliance (Persekutuan). Get opponents to fight together against an “outside force” instead of against each other.

Mengatasi Resistensi

•Express understanding.   

Help the other person relax and talk about his or her anxiety so that you have a chance to offer reassurance. 

•Bring resistance out into the open.

Such questions force people to face and define their resistance. 

•Evaluate others’ objections fairly.

Focus on what the other person is expressing, both the words and the feelings. 

•Hold your arguments until the other person is ready for them.

Getting your point across depends as much on the other person’s frame of mind as it does on your arguments.   

Perencanaan Rapat 

 •Identify your purpose  

- Informational meetings involve sharing information and perhaps coordinating action.

- Decision-making meetings involve persuasion, analysis, and problem solving.

•Select participants for the meeting 

-If the session is purely informational and one person will do most of the talking, you can invite a large group.  

-For problem-solving and decision-making meetings, invite only those people who are in a direct position to help the meeting reach its objective. 

•Choose the time and the facility 

-   Morning meetings are usually more productive than afternoon sessions. 

•Set the agenda 

-  A productive agenda answers three key questions: (1) What do we need to do in this meeting to accomplish our goals? (2) What issues will be of greatest importance to all participants? (3) What information must be available in order to discuss these issues? 

Memimpin dan Berpartisipasi dalam Rapat
•Keep the discussion on track 
•Follow agreed-upon rules 
•Encourage participation (too quiet and too talkative) 
•Participate actively 
•Close effectively


Listening

•Receiving. You start by physically hearing the message and acknowledging it. Physical reception can be blocked by noise, impaired hearing, or inattention. Some experts also include nonverbal messages as part of this stage, because these factors influence the listening process as well. 

•Decoding. Your next step is to assign meaning to sounds, which you do according to your own values, beliefs, ideas, expectations, roles, needs, and personal history. 

•Remembering. Before you can act on the information, you need to store it for future processing. Incoming messages must first be captured in short term memory, then transferred to long-term memory for more permanent storage. 

•Evaluating. With the speaker’s message captured, your next step is to evaluate it by applying critical thinking skills. Separate fact from opinion and evaluate the quality of the evidence. 

•Responding. After you’ve evaluated the speaker’s message, you now react. If you’re communicating one-on-one or in a small group, the initial response generally takes the form of verbal feedback. If you’re one of many in an audience, your initial response may take the form of applause, laughter, or silence. Later on, you may act on what you have heard.


Komunikasi Non Verbal

•Facial expression.

- Your face is the primary site for expressing your emotions; it reveals both the type and the intensity of your feelings.

•Gesture and posture.

- By moving or not moving your body, you express both specific and general messages, some voluntary and some involuntary.

•Vocal characteristics.

- Your tone and volume, your accent and speaking pace, and all the little ums and ahs that creep into your speech say a lot about who you are, your relationship with the audience, and the emotions underlying your words.

•Personal appearance.

- Grooming, clothing, accessories, style—you can control all of these.

•Touch.

- Touch is so powerful, in fact, that it is governed by cultural customs that establish who can touch whom and how in various circumstances.

•Time and space.

- Like touch, time and space can be used to assert authority, imply intimacy, and send other nonverbal messages.